N1005 IBM Research: organogel

IBM's New Polymers Acclaimed for Use in 3-D Printing

<br /><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbLd037G2eUG9OdLcV0459vQvrT37gog_F52hAUuGFkhrc_CUqO2Yo7qQ2mbh7rdQag24jOdvRxJWm8pNDew2v66vGuFto7byH1DNtS4ig4pet9YNp6WR_sVBVMBOvfJV6AZ-bT4EB46Qx/s1600/cfox.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="133" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbLd037G2eUG9OdLcV0459vQvrT37gog_F52hAUuGFkhrc_CUqO2Yo7qQ2mbh7rdQag24jOdvRxJWm8pNDew2v66vGuFto7byH1DNtS4ig4pet9YNp6WR_sVBVMBOvfJV6AZ-bT4EB46Qx/s200/cfox.jpg" width="200" /></a></div><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "HelvNeue Light for IBM",sans-serif; font-size: 13.0pt;">by Courtney Fox, Ph.D., Research Scientist, Carbon3D, Inc. </span></div><br /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "HelvNeue Light for IBM",sans-serif; font-size: 13.0pt;">Polymeric materials have become an integral part of our lifestyle over the last century. They're made into an enormous range of products, from simple and inexpensive injection-molded toys and </span><i><span style="font-family: "HelvNeue Light for IBM",sans-serif; font-size: 13.0pt; font-style: normal;">tchotchkes to</span></i><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "HelvNeue Light for IBM",sans-serif; font-size: 13.0pt;"> super-strong bullet-proof vests and high-performance water-separation membranes.</span> <br /><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "HelvNeue Light for IBM",sans-serif; font-size: 13.0pt;">Recent enhancements in both chemical and computational capabilities are giving scientists the ability to create specially designed polymers aimed at solving a host of important materials challenges.</span><br /><a name="more"></a><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "HelvNeue Light for IBM",sans-serif; font-size: 13.0pt;"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "HelvNeue Light for IBM",sans-serif; font-size: 13.0pt;">One development that I am particularly excited about is the possibility that a new family of polymers invented last year by my former colleagues at IBM Research-Almaden may greatly expand the materials that can be used in </span><span style="color: #2e74b5; font-family: "HelvNeue Light for IBM",sans-serif; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 191;"><a href="http://ibmresearchnews.blogspot.com/2015/07/discovered-high-temperature-remoldable.html">3-D printing</a></span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "HelvNeue Light for IBM",sans-serif; font-size: 13.0pt;"> and other additive manufacturing techniques.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "HelvNeue Light for IBM",sans-serif; font-size: 13.0pt;">Additive techniques – which are estimated to comprise a </span><span style="color: #2e74b5; font-family: "HelvNeue Light for IBM",sans-serif; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 191;"><a href="http://www.forbes.com/sites/louiscolumbus/2015/03/31/2015-roundup-of-3d-printing-market-forecasts-and-estimates/">$3 billion business today</a></span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "HelvNeue Light for IBM",sans-serif; font-size: 13.0pt;"> that's growing faster than 20 percent a year – are quite different from traditional “subtractive” manufacturing methods, which take a block of material and cut, carve, mill or etch away bits and pieces to form the desired part. In 3-D printing, a part is instead built up layer-by-layer with precise computer control.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Typically, however, the materials must be able to flow through a small nozzle, yet retain its dimensions until it's cured, or solidified. This leads to a number of problems, such as a limited choice of materials and their finished-part properties, dimensional creep, weakness at the boundaries between layers, and long time it can take to print larger pieces.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "HelvNeue Light for IBM",sans-serif; font-size: 13.0pt;">As a result, people usually use 3-D printing today only for making prototypes, not end-use mass-manufactured parts. This leads to another criticism: There is significant waste when the prototypes are discarded.</span><br /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "HelvNeue Light for IBM",sans-serif; font-size: 13.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://farm1.staticflickr.com/488/19098852454_37b203479e.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://farm1.staticflickr.com/488/19098852454_37b203479e.jpg" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">IBM organogel</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "HelvNeue Light for IBM",sans-serif; font-size: 13.0pt;">Many of us in the industry are hopeful that the new IBM polymers have the potential to alleviate many of these issues. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "HelvNeue Light for IBM",sans-serif; font-size: 13.0pt;">The central theme of the new polymers is the clever combination of a solvent and a monomer – a chemical structure that can be chained together to make a polymer – to make a gel that retains its shape. In this condition, the material can be both self-healing and recyclable. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "HelvNeue Light for IBM",sans-serif; font-size: 13.0pt;">Applying heat (or, for some combinations, ultraviolet light) will cause the monomer to join together, or cure, to form a permanent three-dimensional network of chemically cross-linked bonds that give the finished material its strength and other mechanical properties. Different combinations of monomers and solvents can result in widely diverse materials and properties. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white;"><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUOHSodFGPsq55TiPehx5sLB0L2cp3zjr52ydqgCZY0MSykXE67xH1BJHsLPl2YKxdMkt3t9gLdglUb7y4-KkGmD9p10ElYMdDaAw8gffZt_t_vhxPK9kl2bzj5ZPuL8G_S0tg7tGPRIHx/s1600/jgarcia.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUOHSodFGPsq55TiPehx5sLB0L2cp3zjr52ydqgCZY0MSykXE67xH1BJHsLPl2YKxdMkt3t9gLdglUb7y4-KkGmD9p10ElYMdDaAw8gffZt_t_vhxPK9kl2bzj5ZPuL8G_S0tg7tGPRIHx/s1600/jgarcia.jpg" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Dr. Jeannette Garcia in the lab</td></tr></tbody></table><span style="color: #2e74b5; font-family: "HelvNeue Light for IBM",sans-serif; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 191;"><a href="http://asmarterplanet.com/blog/2014/05/ibm-researchs-jamie-garcia-fantastic-plastic.html">Jeannette Garcia's</a></span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "HelvNeue Light for IBM",sans-serif; font-size: 13.0pt;"> group at IBM previously demonstrated remarkable self-healing properties in pre-cured networks based on nitrogen-containing monomers used to make high-strength thermoset polymers: hemiaminal and hexahydrotriazine.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>(A thermoset polymer is cured by heating its monomers.) </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "HelvNeue Light for IBM",sans-serif; font-size: 13.0pt;">Tuning the uncured combination so it flows more freely when experiencing shear stress should allow it to flow through tiny 3-D printer nozzles, yet retain its shape after deposition. It has not yet been demonstrated, but the materials' self-healing properties combined with a continuous curing process could also eliminate interlayer weakness in 3-D printed parts.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "HelvNeue Light for IBM",sans-serif; font-size: 13.0pt;">Our </span><span style="color: #2e74b5; font-family: "HelvNeue Light for IBM",sans-serif; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 191;"><a href="http://carbon3d.com/">CLIP</a></span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "HelvNeue Light for IBM",sans-serif; font-size: 13.0pt;"> technology at Carbon3D takes advantage of the interactions between UV light and oxygen to rapidly cure photopolymer resins. Our continuous process eliminates the need to repeatedly coat a layer of UV curable material, creating a layerless polymer network. Printing using CLIP also lowers the mechanical forces on a 3-D printed object; traditional 3-D printing techniques like stereolithography or fused deposition modeling could not accommodate soft materials like those developed by IBM. We are very excited about the rapidly expanding 3-D printing material landscape.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "HelvNeue Light for IBM",sans-serif; font-size: 13.0pt;">Hemiaminal materials can also be recycled, as treatment with acid allows recovery of the original starting monomers with sufficient purity to use to make new products. Combined with their high strength, these materials should enable longer product lifetimes using fewer raw materials.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "HelvNeue Light for IBM",sans-serif; font-size: 13.0pt;">I believe the future is bright for these materials. I look forward to, for instance, someday using the hemiaminal-UV-curable networks described in the IBM group's </span><span style="font-family: "HelvNeue Light for IBM",sans-serif; font-size: 13.0pt;"><a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/adma.201502033/full"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #2e74b5; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 191;">Advanced Materials</span></i></a><span style="color: #222222;"> report last month to print very-high-value membranes for batteries or water-purification directly, without using harsh solvents that are often required today.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "HelvNeue Light for IBM",sans-serif; font-size: 13.0pt;">Those are just a couple of ways that these new materials could increase the beneficial impacts of 3-D printing.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white;"><i><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "HelvNeue Light for IBM",sans-serif; font-size: 13.0pt;">For three years while Dr. Fox was pursuing her Ph.D. at Stanford, she worked at IBM Research-Almaden with Jim Hedrick and Jeannette Garcia as part of the group that created the new family of recyclable and self-healing polymers. She is the lead author on a recent </span></i><span style="color: #2e74b5; font-family: "HelvNeue Light for IBM",sans-serif; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 191;"><a href="http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2015/150715/ncomms8417/abs/ncomms8417.html"><i>Nature Communications report</i></a><i> </i></span><i><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "HelvNeue Light for IBM",sans-serif; font-size: 13.0pt;">that describes how the materials are made and the basis for their remarkable properties. Since late 2014 she has been working at Carbon3D, Inc., a startup company that is commercializing </span></i><span style="color: #2e74b5; font-family: "HelvNeue Light for IBM",sans-serif; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 191;"><a href="http://www.ted.com/talks/joe_desimone_what_if_3d_printing_was_25x_faster?language=en"><i>its innovative 3-D printing process</i></a></span><i><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "HelvNeue Light for IBM",sans-serif; font-size: 13.0pt;"> that is 25 to 100 times faster than conventional 3-D printing methods.</span></i><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "HelvNeue Light for IBM",sans-serif; font-size: 13.0pt;"></span></div>

by Courtney Fox, Ph.D., Research Scientist, Carbon3D, Inc. Polymeric materials have become an integral part of our lifestyle over the last c...

Discovered: high-temperature remoldable gels

12:33 PM N1000 0

<br /><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://farm1.staticflickr.com/383/19533417940_735eee8876_n.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://farm1.staticflickr.com/383/19533417940_735eee8876_n.jpg" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Mareva Fevre, IBM Research-Almaden</td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;">by Mareva Fevre, research post-doc at IBM Research-Almaden</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;">My team at IBM’s research lab in the Silicon Valley just discovered a new class of “self-healing” organogels that have unique recyclable properties – they are the first class of chemically-crosslinked gels that can be cooled to a solid, but then re-heated back to a liquid state. Imagine filling a mold with this liquid material, cooling it and discovering there was a mistake – with this material and its dynamic properties, we can start over until we get the desired shape, and then cure it to a permanent, hardened object. We describe how this process works in the paper, <a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/adma.201502033/full">Melt-Processable Dynamic-Covalent Poly(Hemiaminal) Organogels as Scaffolds for UV-Induced Polymerization</a>, published in the journal, <i>Advanced Materials</i>.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;"></span></b><br /><a name="more"></a><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;"> </span></b><br /><br /><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;">What is a gel?</span></b><span style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><br /><span style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gels are a peculiar family of materials. They exhibit properties between solids and liquids, and are composed of long polymer chains which link together and can trap some other smaller molecules. They are like a tiny (think nanoscale) fishing net that can retain liquids. The small molecules, which are trapped in the organogels that we developed, are monomers (the initial molecules which are used to prepare polymers). </span> <span style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">In our experiment, we also added some molecules called initiators in the gels, which under UV light transform the monomers into polymers. Thus, our gels have unique properties that allow them to behave at first like jello but after UV exposure become hard like plastic.</span><br /><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://farm1.staticflickr.com/549/19081335064_69af4f6d53.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://farm1.staticflickr.com/549/19081335064_69af4f6d53.jpg" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"> <br /><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif;">The elasticity of our organogel on display</span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">After dozens of tests to measure the strength of the gels and figuring out the right compositions to obtain these properties, we created a modified gel that could melt at higher temperatures (80C) but recover its gel-like behavior when cooled down to 20C. The result is the first type of gel that could be molded, unmolded, and remolded several times before reaching that perfect final shape fixed by UV exposure</span><span style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">. </span></div><br /><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Think of our gels like caulk used to repair cracks in objects, but liquid enough to penetrate into small cracks, and solid enough not to leak. A subsequent UV-curing step would allow for the material filling the crack to solidify and for the object to recover properties close to its original shape and strength. In the future, those gels could be used as a material for 3D-printing. If you think about today’s 3D-printing process, it requires layers of polymers stacked on top of each other. </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">This leads to imperfect shapes that can have weakly bonded interfaces between its layers. Our new “self-healing” materials are not only fluid enough to be printed but also solid enough to hold their shape. By precisely controlling the printing temperature, we could ultimately get rid of the layers’ interface problem.</span><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://farm1.staticflickr.com/546/19081338644_5eb2174bd3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://farm1.staticflickr.com/546/19081338644_5eb2174bd3.jpg" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"> <br /><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif;">IBM’s gel (B), once heated, returns to its original state demonstrating<br />recyclable, remoldable properties. A typical gel (A) retains its form with heat. </span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A lab legacy</span></b><span style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">This gel discovery stems from work by IBM scientists Jim Hedrick and Jeannette Garcia two years ago, when they discovered how to synthesize <a href="http://www.research.ibm.com/articles/industrialpolymers.shtml">industrial polymers</a>. We applied this chemistry to our gels using computational chemistry – co-author and IBMer Gavin Jones simulated the affinity our organogels’ crosslinks with the different monomers we used, and showed that they bound in a similar way as the original molecules used by Jim and Jeannette. Our team’s rheology expert, Nancy Zhang, also measured the gel’s ability to flow, and its strength. Her data explained how to perceive the gel’s hardness and softness, and also proved that the gel could be remolded multiple times before losing its strength.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Here’s Nancy explaining the gel’s ability to be molded multiple times:</span> </span></span></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /><iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="281" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/j0n0K_a8c1o" width="500"></iframe></div>

ibm research almaden nanotechnology organogel polymer Discovered: high-temperature remoldable gels

Mareva Fevre, IBM Research-Almaden by Mareva Fevre, research post-doc at IBM Research-Almaden My team at IBM’s research lab in the Silicon...