Have app, will (business) travel

<div class="MsoNormal"><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgkNr3LubXJHo5czXdOckHCftolywCLia8EK7BCqelveo_I-Auhr-jcmd9rvSrmSJAfMLSh3L1aKEMrHGOASvwWCVlkHR1Zac3wrUJtpMjg3Gg1woBsCNOfbloDa1HmfNmX6qcnpTgn57c0/s1600/gren.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgkNr3LubXJHo5czXdOckHCftolywCLia8EK7BCqelveo_I-Auhr-jcmd9rvSrmSJAfMLSh3L1aKEMrHGOASvwWCVlkHR1Zac3wrUJtpMjg3Gg1woBsCNOfbloDa1HmfNmX6qcnpTgn57c0/s1600/gren.jpg" /></a></div><i><span style="font-family: "helvneue light for ibm" , sans-serif; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: "helvneue light for ibm" , sans-serif;">by Guang-Jie Ren, PhD, Research Staff Member, Cloud & Mobile Enterprise Research, IBM Almaden Lab</span></span></i><br /><br /><span style="font-family: "helvneue light for ibm" , sans-serif; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;">I still remember my first business trip to the United States, while still a PhD student in the UK. It was to present a research paper at the Frontiers in Service Conference in San Francisco, back in October of 2007. It turned out that writing and publishing a paper about service transformation in industrial companies was not the only hard part. Coordinating the trip was also a major challenge.</span><br /><a name="more"></a></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br /><span style="font-family: "helvneue light for ibm" , sans-serif; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;">A lot of my time and energy was spent applying for scholarships to cover the travel budget; appearing in the embassy to obtain a business visa; searching online for the least expensive flights and hotels; planning in advance the best route from one place to another; staring at the airports’ blue screens for flight status and gate number; and keeping all the receipts that were later stacked and stapled on the expense report. Every step of way was manual and every piece of information on paper.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br /><span style="font-family: "helvneue light for ibm" , sans-serif; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Thanks to the release of the first generation iPhone that year, it became easier and easier for leisure travelers to make reservations, check in flights and get directions, anywhere anytime, with just a few taps on mobile devices. But business travelers have largely been left out.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br /><span style="font-family: "helvneue light for ibm" , sans-serif; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The reality is enterprises have been slow to adapt to making the process of business travel mobile and connected. That’s why my team has been working on Project eTraveler, and two apps that tackle all those extras, from meeting schedules to expense reports.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br /><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "helvneue light for ibm" , sans-serif; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Too Many Processes Trip Up Today’s Business Traveler</span></b><span style="font-family: "helvneue light for ibm" , sans-serif; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br /><span style="font-family: "helvneue light for ibm" , sans-serif; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Much of the mobile experience is a retrofit of web applications. Most business travel mobile apps have a similar look and feel and functionalities as their counterparts on the web; they neglect smaller screen sizes and fail to take advantage of capabilities unique to mobile devices, including software platform and embedded sensors. The user interface and interaction also lacks design intuition, forcing system workflows and constraints onto user behaviors rather than the other way around. Consequently, mobile adoption and engagement is low among business travelers. So travel apps are missing opportunities to motivate and empower end users for long-lasting business benefits<span style="font-family: "helvneue light for ibm" , sans-serif;">.</span></span><br /><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiEVT_13hIER5QALEyX7j273xsb9NdYsmR1euB3Mu37norJnDfkyDujSLk0CP0GptJsg4qAOUznVhVcICr8z4rt83Z6nRTDOB4J11kQ3PFhBGSRLr0jLQ-hrKPJAvk9MACSTSIrvtYaVuDz/s1600/stat1a.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiEVT_13hIER5QALEyX7j273xsb9NdYsmR1euB3Mu37norJnDfkyDujSLk0CP0GptJsg4qAOUznVhVcICr8z4rt83Z6nRTDOB4J11kQ3PFhBGSRLr0jLQ-hrKPJAvk9MACSTSIrvtYaVuDz/s1600/stat1a.jpg" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "helvneue light for ibm" , sans-serif; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;">And business travel processes and tools are disjointed. For a typical business trip, the traveler starts with an internal pre-trip approval app to justify the business reason and provide cost estimate. They then make reservations through an online booking tool or travel management agency. Meanwhile, they must also assess their immigration compliance in the case of a cross-border trip. Once that’s settled, they’ll use a calendar or third-party app for itinerary management. And it all finally goes through yet another process for expense reimbursement<span style="font-family: "helvneue light for ibm" , sans-serif;">.</span> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br /><span style="font-family: "helvneue light for ibm" , sans-serif; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;">These tools are not integrated, and information is not shared or synchronized, both internally or with the external ecosystem. A lot of time is wasted in re-typing or carrying over the same information from one tool to another. Equally important, the isolated processes make it difficult and time-consuming for corporate travel program managers, who manage these processes for a business, to get visibility at both traveler and corporate levels<span style="font-family: "helvneue light for ibm" , sans-serif;">.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br /><span style="font-family: "helvneue light for ibm" , sans-serif; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Business travel systems also don’t know you as an individual. They offer the same list of air, hotel and car rental options to everyone, regardless of your job role, business needs, traveler profile, travel history, or if you’re traveling alone or in a group, let alone any reasonable personal preferences and family constraints. They provide you with information that is often entirely out of context, from alerts about a union strike in France when Germany is the only country on your itinerary, to notifications about flight delay or gate change that are received hours after you board the plane. And they make very few if any recommendations in areas where advice is most needed, from ground transportation in an unfamiliar place, to restaurant choices for a client dinner.</span><br /><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5vL1r_8Zmyc9QsP0m7kvAgOcWPrxv5rzioGJRRLec7ehgYXsFk7eMqcbP2tWl_tOpderZ-XQNeZj5TECWyZZNXmVCXrJ_vf5Pog1QHLHjpNmvENRt1XcgUgjkHkbEkAniFTl8L-ORyVdj/s1600/stat2a.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5vL1r_8Zmyc9QsP0m7kvAgOcWPrxv5rzioGJRRLec7ehgYXsFk7eMqcbP2tWl_tOpderZ-XQNeZj5TECWyZZNXmVCXrJ_vf5Pog1QHLHjpNmvENRt1XcgUgjkHkbEkAniFTl8L-ORyVdj/s1600/stat2a.jpg" /></a></div><br /><span style="font-family: "helvneue light for ibm" , sans-serif; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Existing business travel processes and tools are focused entirely on the travel side of the equation. And yet the whole purpose of any business trip is to achieve business outcomes, such as promoting products, closing deals, evaluating ideas, learning skills, and so on. There is usually no connection between business and travel, leaving it to business travelers to figure out how to make travel arrangements that best serve business needs; how to prepare for business meetings while on the go; and how to coordinate with others in order to maximize collaboration. Meanwhile, very little effort is in place to understand the relationship between travel activities and business outcomes, and establish the return on investment of business travel. As a consequence, travel spending is the primary concern, making spending control the only tool that’s widely used at the enterprise level, often at the expense of business outcomes.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "helvneue light for ibm" , sans-serif; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;">First Class Connection With New Apps</span></b><span style="font-family: "helvneue light for ibm" , sans-serif; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal"><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQu3igtk1YoIWcA3WvRJRJ9WxG-6U8c71nGWGxGKeeXwfvN3AA88jatOVV45DaFlB5sBNHU3hRRQpCDr8rDuMlgwysNKU65f_sWd2ienDpi2xBQ5UMbkSubjcOp7zXi6G9OXYDsf8VVmCk/s1600/travelplan.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQu3igtk1YoIWcA3WvRJRJ9WxG-6U8c71nGWGxGKeeXwfvN3AA88jatOVV45DaFlB5sBNHU3hRRQpCDr8rDuMlgwysNKU65f_sWd2ienDpi2xBQ5UMbkSubjcOp7zXi6G9OXYDsf8VVmCk/s320/travelplan.jpg" width="283" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "helvneue light for ibm" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvneue light for ibm" , sans-serif;">Screen<span style="font-family: "helvneue light for ibm" , sans-serif;">shot of Travel Plan app</span></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-family: "helvneue light for ibm" , sans-serif; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Recognizing these limitations, about a year ago we started a research project code-named eTraveler with colleagues from IBM Corporate Travel Program and IBM Travel Industry Units. In our vision, business travel tools on mobile platforms would no longer fly second-class. They should be built and run on the mobile-first principle, using intuitive design and mobile capabilities for the best possible user experience. We want the business travel processes transparent and integrated so data is shared without duplication or contradiction. And also make business travel services personal, and cater to explicit and implicit needs of individual business travelers -- being fully aware of their contexts and preferences, while still adhering to the enterprise’s need for policy compliance and cost optimization. Business trips should no longer just focus on travel cost, when they are really carefully organized business activities meant to maximize ROI<span style="font-family: "helvneue light for ibm" , sans-serif;">.</span></span><br /><br /><span style="font-family: "helvneue light for ibm" , sans-serif; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;">It was with this idea that we conceived, designed and developed the <a href="https://www.ibm.com/mobilefirst/us/en/mobilefirst-for-ios/industries/employee-experience/travel-plan/" target="_blank">Travel Plan</a> and <a href="https://www.ibm.com/mobilefirst/us/en/mobilefirst-for-ios/industries/employee-experience/travel-track/" target="_blank">Travel Track</a> apps as part of the <a href="https://www.apple.com/business/mobile-enterprise-apps/all-employees.html" target="_blank">IBM-Apple Partnership</a> on Mobile Enterprise. Available on iPhone, Travel Plan lets business travelers plan trips in a simple, intuitive manner. It derives trip dates and locations from the user’s meeting schedules or frequent destinations, rather than asking the user to fill in the blanks from scratch. In addition, the app is integrated with pre-trip approval and immigration compliance tools, saving the extra time and effort to go through those processes.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Advanced analytics is also applied to provide trip cost estimate based on historical and real-time data, and make reservation recommendations that take into account company policies, personal preferences and past choices.</span><span style="font-family: "helvneue light for ibm" , sans-serif; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br /><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJeh4hqB8zLcCpHlGQYrKZlFfsw5T6eT0xb01Rj89640JqLDLDRVYP3n_POvRN1THc_ilMyEJQ2EVPyYIsrQYzNBq_ttbr3RAbrLF4EF0QW0kHV43I8CYVZrm4ITfmEk1C_bvGp3-5shm-/s1600/traveltrack.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJeh4hqB8zLcCpHlGQYrKZlFfsw5T6eT0xb01Rj89640JqLDLDRVYP3n_POvRN1THc_ilMyEJQ2EVPyYIsrQYzNBq_ttbr3RAbrLF4EF0QW0kHV43I8CYVZrm4ITfmEk1C_bvGp3-5shm-/s320/traveltrack.jpg" width="232" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "helvneue light for ibm" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvneue light for ibm" , sans-serif;">Screen<span style="font-family: "helvneue light for ibm" , sans-serif;">shot of Travel <span style="font-family: "helvneue light for ibm" , sans-serif;">Track</span> app</span></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-family: "helvneue light for ibm" , sans-serif; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">After a trip is booked, Travel Track keeps business travelers informed on the iPhone and Apple Watch. It provides trip itineraries, upcoming to-dos, status updates and major disruptions, such as traffic jams or flight delays. And it offers additional meeting intelligence, pulling data from internal and external sources about meeting participants and their affiliated organizations. The app also connects colleagues who attend the same meeting, fly on the same route, or stay in nearby hotels, and facilitates group coordination and networking. It recommends to first-time visitors local services, such as ground transportation options and restaurant choices, and encourages users to review their travel experiences, which can be used by corporate travel program managers to detect service issues and evaluate supplier performance.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br /><span style="font-family: "helvneue light for ibm" , sans-serif; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Travel Plan and Travel Track enterprise apps are the first milestone of our eTraveler project, and IBM is starting to introduce them to travel-intensive clients and partners.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Once implemented, the apps are available for download from an enterprise’s own app store, to ensure security protection and policy compliance. Meanwhile, our research team continues to work on other components of the business travel ecosystem, including pre-trip approval, immigration compliance, meeting briefcase, travel kit, corporate kit, and travel program analytics. The same set of principles is applied, from mobile-first and seamless integration to personalization and business centricity. And our vision remains the same, that is, to strike a healthy balance between compelling, engaging and empowering experience for business travelers, and travel spending, policy compliance and business outcomes for enterprises<span style="font-family: "helvneue light for ibm" , sans-serif;">.</span> </span></div>

apple ibm research almaden mobile application development travel and transportation Have app, will (business) travel

by Guang-Jie Ren, PhD, Research Staff Member, Cloud & Mobile Enterprise Research, IBM Almaden Lab I still remember my first business tri...

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Preserving Validity in Adaptive Data Analysis

<br /><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbCZhmeFmYySpEFoHqcxYdUYQlZ93FIdvVJ8eRrxQfoMDhraZlC6oDOmkL8SpMY44MAhAIQURebYOQU0CHfiImezdGUswFJk-JXTu9jc-sQ-VqRcjgAddKFkMSyaWk91BdJsHCcP5xygA/s1600/vfeldman.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbCZhmeFmYySpEFoHqcxYdUYQlZ93FIdvVJ8eRrxQfoMDhraZlC6oDOmkL8SpMY44MAhAIQURebYOQU0CHfiImezdGUswFJk-JXTu9jc-sQ-VqRcjgAddKFkMSyaWk91BdJsHCcP5xygA/s1600/vfeldman.jpg" /></a></div><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Editor’s note: this article is by Vitaly Feldman, research scientist at IBM Research-Almaden</span></i> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">From discovering new particles and clinical studies to predicting election results and evaluating credit scores, scientific progress and industrial innovation increasingly rely on statistical data analysis. </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">While incredibly useful, data analysis is also notoriously easy to misuse, even when the analyst has the best of intentions. Problems stemming from such misuse can be <a href="http://journals.plos.org/plosbiology/article?id=10.1371/journal.pbio.1002165" target="_blank">costly</a>and contribute to a wider concern about the reproducibility of research findings, most notably in medical research. The issue is <a href="http://www.nature.com/news/reproducibility-1.17552" target="_blank">hotly debated</a>in the scientific community and has attracted a lot of <a href="http://www.economist.com/news/leaders/21588069-scientific-research-has-changed-world-now-it-needs-change-itself-how-science-goes-wrong" target="_blank">public attention</a> in the <a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/21/science/new-truths-that-only-one-can-see.html?_r=1" target="_blank">recent years</a>.</span><br /><a name="more"></a><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">In recent research with a team of computer scientists from industry and academia, I made progress in understanding and addressing some of the ways in which data analysis can go wrong. Our work, <a href="http://www.sciencemag.org/content/349/6248/636.abstract" target="_blank">Preserving Validity in Adaptive Data Analysis</a>, published this week in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Science</i>, deals with important, but fairly technical and subtle, statistical issues that arise in the practice of data analysis. I’ll outline them below. For the less patient, here is also an elevator-pitch description (minus the elevator) of our work in the video, below. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/Y6eaYqciVVE" width="560"></iframe></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The main difficulty in obtaining valid results is that it is hard to tell whether a pattern observed in the data represents a true relationship that holds in the real world, or is merely a coincidental artifact of the randomness in the process of data collection. The standard way of expressing the confidence in a result of analysis -- such as a certain trait being correlated with a disease – is a <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">p</i>-value. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Informally, a <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">p</i>-value for a certain result measures the probability of obtaining the result in the absence of any actual relationship (referred to as the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">null hypothesis</i>). A small <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">p</i>-value indicates high confidence in the validity of the result, with 0.05 commonly accepted as sufficient to declare a finding as being statistically significant. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The guarantee that a <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">p</i>-value provides has a critical caveat however: it applies only if the analysis procedure was chosen before the data was examined. At the same time, the practice of data analysis goes well beyond using a predetermined analysis. New analyses are chosen on the basis of data exploration and previous analyses of a dataset, and are performed on the same dataset. While useful, such <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">adaptive</i> analysis invalidates the standard <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">p</i>-value computations. Using incorrect <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">p</i>-values is likely to lead to false discoveries. An analyst might conclude, for example, that a certain diet increases the risk of diabetes, when in reality it has no effect at all.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The mistakes that misapplications of standard <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">p</i>-value computations cause can be easily observed using any basic data analysis tool (like MS Excel). For example, let’s create a fake dataset for a study of the effect of 50 different foods on the academic performance of students. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">For each student, the data will include a consumption level for each of the 50 foods and an (academic) grade. Let’s create the dataset consisting of 100 students by choosing all the values randomly and independently from the normal (or Gaussian) distribution. Clearly, in the true data distribution we used the food consumption, and the students’ grade are completely unrelated. A natural first step in our analysis of this dataset is to identify which foods have the highest (positive or negative) correlation with the grade. Below is an example outcome of this step in which I highlighted in red three foods with particularly strong correlations in the data. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBGD9DRl-7ZeIe7Dt4NXhc1aw__aampm219cdfWSZFxEtowz7FPDddlCLzvPsj2qidD75tgKCuc_FFLAa-svBHKPImzCEIAyMmeoBWEPNKOyyunl6m25NuJhjRkSe1XOe8ndKOCeMAaQg/s1600/correlations2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="230" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBGD9DRl-7ZeIe7Dt4NXhc1aw__aampm219cdfWSZFxEtowz7FPDddlCLzvPsj2qidD75tgKCuc_FFLAa-svBHKPImzCEIAyMmeoBWEPNKOyyunl6m25NuJhjRkSe1XOe8ndKOCeMAaQg/s400/correlations2.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">click to enlarge</td></tr></tbody></table><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A common next step would be to use the least-squares linear regression to check whether a simple linear combination of the three strongly correlated foods can predict the grade. It turns out that a little combination goes a long way: we discover that a linear combination of the three selected foods can explain a significant fraction of variance in the grade (plotted below). The regression analysis also reports that the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">p</i>-value of this result is 0.00009 meaning that the probability of this happening purely by chance is less than 1 in 10,000.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiq1hxS9wqTMMvugQHjjMzNhy4fxjL1jShGf9Ijdp6_O31spcMO37s7nN4xA4MuIoV5cetHDLqQRtScTRFZtyAH9-rwWkmPlkKM1BgpTB1XOByHNF1sPfVedqUyM6fg1O1S7h0BHMviV_c/s1600/true.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiq1hxS9wqTMMvugQHjjMzNhy4fxjL1jShGf9Ijdp6_O31spcMO37s7nN4xA4MuIoV5cetHDLqQRtScTRFZtyAH9-rwWkmPlkKM1BgpTB1XOByHNF1sPfVedqUyM6fg1O1S7h0BHMviV_c/s1600/true.jpg" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Recall that no relationship exists in the true data distribution, so this discovery is clearly false. This spurious effect is known to experts as Freedman’s paradox. It arises since the variables (foods) used in the regression were chosen using the data itself.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Despite the fundamental nature of adaptivity in data analysis, little work has been done to understand and mitigate its effects on the validity of results. The only known safe approach to adaptive analysis is to use a separate <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">holdout</i> dataset to validate any finding obtained via adaptive analysis. Such an approach is standard in machine learning: a dataset is split into training and validation data, with the training set used for learning a predictor, and the validation (holdout) set used to estimate the accuracy of that predictor. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Because the predictor is independent of the holdout dataset, such an estimate is a valid estimate of the true prediction accuracy. In practice, however, the holdout dataset is rarely used only once, and the predictor often depends on the holdout data in a complicated way. Such dependence invalidates the estimates of accuracy based on the holdout set as the predictor may be <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">overfitting</i> to the holdout set.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">I’ve been working on approaches for dealing with adaptivity in machine learning for the past two years. During a chance conversation with <a href="http://www.cis.upenn.edu/~aaroth/">Aaron Roth,</a> a professor at </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penn, while </span>at a big data <a href="http://simons.berkeley.edu/workshops/bigdata2013-4">workshop</a>, I found out that he and several colleagues were also working on an approach to this problem. That conversation turned into a fruitful collaboration </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">with Microsoft's <a href="http://research.microsoft.com/en-us/people/dwork/" target="_blank">Cynthia Dwork</a>, Google's <a href="http://www.moritzhardt.com/" target="_blank">Moritz Hardt</a>, University of Toronto's <a href="http://www.cs.toronto.edu/~toni/" target="_blank">Toni Pitassi</a>, Samsung's <a href="https://omereingold.wordpress.com/" target="_blank">Omer Reingold</a>, and Aaron. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">We found that challenges of adaptivity can be addressed using techniques developed for privacy-preserving data analysis. These techniques rely on the notion of differential privacy that guarantees that the data analysis is not too sensitive to the data of any single individual. We rigorously demonstrated that ensuring differential privacy of an analysis also guarantees that the findings will be statistically valid. We then also developed additional approaches to the problem based on a new way to measure how much information an analysis reveals about a dataset.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The Thresholdout Algorithm</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Using our new approach we designed an algorithm, called Thresholdout, that allows an analyst to reuse the holdout set of data for validating a large number of results, even when those results are produced by an adaptive analysis. The Thresholdout algorithm is very easy to implement and is based on two key ideas. </span></div><ul><li><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">First, the validation should not reveal any information about the holdout dataset if the analyst does not overfit to the training set. </span></li><li><span style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"></span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Second, an addition of a small amount of noise to any validation result can prevent the analyst from overfitting to the holdout set.</span></li></ul><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">To illustrate the benefits of using our approach, we showed how it prevents overfitting in a setting inspired by Freedman’s paradox. In this experiment, the analyst wants to build an algorithm that can accurately classify data points into two classes, given a dataset of correctly labeled points. The analyst first finds a set of variables that have the largest correlation with the class. However, to avoid spurious correlations, the analyst validates the correlations on the holdout set and uses only those variables whose correlation agrees with the correlation on the training set. The analyst then creates a simple linear threshold classifier on the selected variables.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">We tested this procedure on a dataset of 20,000 points in which the values of 10,000 attributes are drawn independently from the normal distribution, and the class is chosen uniformly at random. There is no correlation between the data point and its class label and no classifier can achieve true accuracy better than 50 percent. Nevertheless, reusing a standard holdout leads to reported accuracy of more than 63±0.4 percent (when selecting 500 out of 10,000 variables) on both the training set and the holdout set. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">We then executed the same algorithm with our Thresholdout algorithm for holdout reuse. Thresholdout prevents the algorithm from overfitting to the holdout set and gives a valid result close to 50 percent estimate of classifier accuracy. In the plot below we show the accuracy on the training set and the holdout set (the green line) obtained for various numbers of selected variables averaged over 100 independent executions. For comparison, the plot also includes the accuracy of the classifier on another fresh data set of 10,000 points which serves as the gold standard for validation.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgngEECjvv0noddVZyTsVGl3PmC4QHP-qQ0x7-t8yGoZHlac5-ym-jSbPWr_Db1byBkKDQOEt_Uyl7BwN7fAsFwIB9LeL6IM86J2AKFD8-c2C62u_COZ-Ctd1djQhTB9awJeTxMHGzVe-w/s1600/Thresholdout2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="116" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgngEECjvv0noddVZyTsVGl3PmC4QHP-qQ0x7-t8yGoZHlac5-ym-jSbPWr_Db1byBkKDQOEt_Uyl7BwN7fAsFwIB9LeL6IM86J2AKFD8-c2C62u_COZ-Ctd1djQhTB9awJeTxMHGzVe-w/s400/Thresholdout2.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">click to enlarge</td></tr></tbody></table><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Beyond this illustration, the reusable holdout gives the analyst a simple, general and principled method to perform multiple validation steps where previously the only known safe approach was to collect a fresh holdout set each time a function depends on the outcomes of previous validations. We are now looking forward to exploring the practical applications of this technique.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br /></div>

adaptive data analysis analytics big data ibm research almaden Preserving Validity in Adaptive Data Analysis

Editor’s note: this article is by Vitaly Feldman, research scientist at IBM Research-Almaden From discovering new particles and clinical st...

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Discovered: high-temperature remoldable gels

<br /><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://farm1.staticflickr.com/383/19533417940_735eee8876_n.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://farm1.staticflickr.com/383/19533417940_735eee8876_n.jpg" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Mareva Fevre, IBM Research-Almaden</td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;">by Mareva Fevre, research post-doc at IBM Research-Almaden</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;">My team at IBM’s research lab in the Silicon Valley just discovered a new class of “self-healing” organogels that have unique recyclable properties – they are the first class of chemically-crosslinked gels that can be cooled to a solid, but then re-heated back to a liquid state. Imagine filling a mold with this liquid material, cooling it and discovering there was a mistake – with this material and its dynamic properties, we can start over until we get the desired shape, and then cure it to a permanent, hardened object. We describe how this process works in the paper, <a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/adma.201502033/full">Melt-Processable Dynamic-Covalent Poly(Hemiaminal) Organogels as Scaffolds for UV-Induced Polymerization</a>, published in the journal, <i>Advanced Materials</i>.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;"></span></b><br /><a name="more"></a><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;"> </span></b><br /><br /><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;">What is a gel?</span></b><span style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><br /><span style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gels are a peculiar family of materials. They exhibit properties between solids and liquids, and are composed of long polymer chains which link together and can trap some other smaller molecules. They are like a tiny (think nanoscale) fishing net that can retain liquids. The small molecules, which are trapped in the organogels that we developed, are monomers (the initial molecules which are used to prepare polymers). </span> <span style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">In our experiment, we also added some molecules called initiators in the gels, which under UV light transform the monomers into polymers. Thus, our gels have unique properties that allow them to behave at first like jello but after UV exposure become hard like plastic.</span><br /><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://farm1.staticflickr.com/549/19081335064_69af4f6d53.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://farm1.staticflickr.com/549/19081335064_69af4f6d53.jpg" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OfficeDocumentSettings> <o:AllowPNG/> </o:OfficeDocumentSettings></xml><![endif]--> <br /><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif;">The elasticity of our organogel on display</span></span></div><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> 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SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 9"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Normal Indent"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="footnote text"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="annotation text"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="header"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="footer"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="index heading"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="table of figures"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="envelope address"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="envelope return"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="footnote reference"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="annotation reference"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="line number"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="page number"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="endnote reference"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="endnote text"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="table of authorities"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="macro"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toa heading"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="List"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="List Bullet"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="List Number"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="List 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="List 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="List 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="List 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="List Bullet 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="List Bullet 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="List Bullet 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="List Bullet 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="List Number 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="List Number 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="List Number 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="List Number 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Closing"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Signature"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Body Text"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Body Text Indent"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="List Continue"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="List 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UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Body Text 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Body Text 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Body Text Indent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Body Text Indent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Block Text"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Hyperlink"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="FollowedHyperlink"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Document Map"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Plain Text"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="E-mail Signature"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="HTML Top of Form"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Normal (Web)"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="HTML Acronym"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="HTML Address"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="HTML Cite"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="HTML Code"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="HTML Definition"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="HTML Keyboard"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="HTML Preformatted"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="HTML Sample"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="HTML Typewriter"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="HTML Variable"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Normal Table"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="annotation subject"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="No List"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Outline List 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Outline List 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Outline List 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Simple 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Simple 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Simple 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Classic 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Classic 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Classic 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Classic 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Colorful 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Colorful 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Colorful 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Columns 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table 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UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Grid 8"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table List 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table List 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table List 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table List 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table List 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table List 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table List 7"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table List 8"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table 3D effects 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table 3D effects 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table 3D effects 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Contemporary"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Elegant"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Professional"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Subtle 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Subtle 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Web 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Web 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Web 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Balloon Text"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Theme"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true" Name="List Paragraph"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Quote"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 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mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin-top:0in; mso-para-margin-right:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:8.0pt; mso-para-margin-left:0in; line-height:107%; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;} </style><![endif]--></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">After dozens of tests to measure the strength of the gels and figuring out the right compositions to obtain these properties, we created a modified gel that could melt at higher temperatures (80C) but recover its gel-like behavior when cooled down to 20C. The result is the first type of gel that could be molded, unmolded, and remolded several times before reaching that perfect final shape fixed by UV exposure</span><span style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">. </span></div><br /><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Think of our gels like caulk used to repair cracks in objects, but liquid enough to penetrate into small cracks, and solid enough not to leak. A subsequent UV-curing step would allow for the material filling the crack to solidify and for the object to recover properties close to its original shape and strength. In the future, those gels could be used as a material for 3D-printing. If you think about today’s 3D-printing process, it requires layers of polymers stacked on top of each other. </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">This leads to imperfect shapes that can have weakly bonded interfaces between its layers. Our new “self-healing” materials are not only fluid enough to be printed but also solid enough to hold their shape. By precisely controlling the printing temperature, we could ultimately get rid of the layers’ interface problem.</span><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://farm1.staticflickr.com/546/19081338644_5eb2174bd3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://farm1.staticflickr.com/546/19081338644_5eb2174bd3.jpg" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OfficeDocumentSettings> <o:AllowPNG/> </o:OfficeDocumentSettings></xml><![endif]--> <br /><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif;">IBM’s gel (B), once heated, returns to its original state demonstrating<br />recyclable, remoldable properties. 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{mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin-top:0in; mso-para-margin-right:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:8.0pt; mso-para-margin-left:0in; line-height:107%; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;} </style><![endif]--></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A lab legacy</span></b><span style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">This gel discovery stems from work by IBM scientists Jim Hedrick and Jeannette Garcia two years ago, when they discovered how to synthesize <a href="http://www.research.ibm.com/articles/industrialpolymers.shtml">industrial polymers</a>. We applied this chemistry to our gels using computational chemistry – co-author and IBMer Gavin Jones simulated the affinity our organogels’ crosslinks with the different monomers we used, and showed that they bound in a similar way as the original molecules used by Jim and Jeannette. Our team’s rheology expert, Nancy Zhang, also measured the gel’s ability to flow, and its strength. Her data explained how to perceive the gel’s hardness and softness, and also proved that the gel could be remolded multiple times before losing its strength.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Here’s Nancy explaining the gel’s ability to be molded multiple times:</span> </span></span></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /><iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="281" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/j0n0K_a8c1o" width="500"></iframe></div>

ibm research almaden nanotechnology organogel polymer Discovered: high-temperature remoldable gels

Mareva Fevre, IBM Research-Almaden by Mareva Fevre, research post-doc at IBM Research-Almaden   My team at IBM’s research lab in the Silicon...

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